Steel Plant

A steel mill or steel plant is an industrial plant for the manufacture of steel.

Steel plant can refer to the steel works making rolled products from iron ore, but it also designs, more precisely the plant where steel semi-finished casting products (blooms, ingots, slabs, billets) are made, from molten pig iron or from scraps.

Integrated mill

Plan of the Bethlehem Steel plant in Buffalo, New York ca. 1903, showing the various elements of an integrated steel mill.
Blast furnaces of Třinec Iron and Steel Works
Interior of a steel mill
An integrated steel mill has all the functions for primary steel production:
iron making (conversion of ore to liquid iron),
steel making (conversion of pig iron to liquid steel),
casting (solidification of the liquid steel),
roughing rolling/billet rolling (reducing size of blocks)
product rolling (finished shapes).

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The principal raw materials for an integrated mill are iron ore, limestone, and coal (or coke). These materials are charged in batches into a blast furnace where the iron compounds in the ore give up excess oxygen and become liquid iron. At intervals of a few hours, the accumulated liquid iron is tapped from the blast furnace and either cast into pig iron or directed to other vessels for further steel making operations. Historically the Bessemer process was a major advancement in the production of economical steel, but it has now been entirely replaced by other processes such as the basic oxygen furnace.

Molten steel is cast into large blocks called blooms. During the casting process various methods are used, such as addition of aluminum, so that impurities in the steel float to the surface where they can be cut off the finished bloom.
Because of the energy cost and structural stress associated with heating and cooling a blast furnace, typically these primary steel making vessels will operate on a continuous production campaign of several years duration. Even during periods of low steel demand, it may not be feasible to let the blast furnace grow cold, though some adjustment of the production rate is possible.
Integrated mills are large facilities that are typically only economical to build in 2,000,000-ton per year annual capacity and up. Final products made by an integrated plant are usually large structural sections, heavy plate, strip, wire rod, railway rails, and occasionally long products such as bars and pipe.

A major environmental hazard associated with integrated steel mills is the pollution produced in the manufacture of coke, which is an essential intermediate product in the reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace.

Integrated mills may also adopt some of the processes used in mini-mills, such as arc furnaces and direct casting, to reduce production costs.

World integrated steel production capacity is at or close to world demand, so competition between suppliers results in only the most efficient producers remaining viable. However, due to the large employment of integrated plants, often governments will financially assist an obsolescent facility rather than take the risk of having thousands of workers thrown out of jobs.